MANAGEMENT OF EVOLUTION OF TILLAGE TOOLS IN EASTERN EUROPE

Abstract

The monograph examines the early stages of the historical development of harnessed plowing tools in a large area of Eastern Europe by analyzing a complex of sources, the central place among which is occupied by archaeological and ancient iconographic material. Chronological framework of the study: the end of the III - the beginning of the ii millennium BC. e., when the first steps of arable agriculture are reliably recorded in the southern part of Eastern Europe, until the XV-XVI centuries. The upper chronological limit is determined by the fact that by this time the formation of most of the plowing tools known from ethnographic data has been largely completed. Plowing tools appeared at a certain stage of the development of the industrial economy. Their emergence was facilitated by man's mastery of agricultural techniques for the cultivation of cultivated plants and successes in the field of animal husbandry, which made it possible to use the power of domestic animals in agriculture. arable agriculture, in fact, transformed agriculture, became its highest achievement, contributed to a significant expansion of cultivated areas1, obtaining a sustainable additional product in agriculture. 1[The most primitive plowing tools were 2-3 times more productive than hand tools. According to other data, with the help of a hoe, a farmer could cultivate no more than 0.05 ha per day, with the help of harness tools – up to 1 ha, that is, 20 times more [Gromov H.G., Novikov Yu F., 1967, p. 90]. The spread of arable tools led to the formation of a new group of economic and cultural types – arable farmers, contributed to the creation of conditions for the separation of parcel farming, which was conducted by the forces of one family. Among the arable farmers, the process of maturation of the prerequisites for the formation of the peasantry took place most intensively. Plowing tools also spread among peoples whose economy was based on semi 4 PREFACE nomadic or nomadic cattle breeding. It is known that in the bowels of the economic and cultural type of pastoralists who moved, there was always a more or less significant agricultural system. The appearance of plowing tools contributed to the expansion of this system. The historical development of plowing tools will be considered below in two aspects – functional and constructive. the study of plowing tools from a functional point of view makes it possible to trace their development from simple and low-productivity to more complex and productive ones, to reveal patterns of appearance of certain types of plowing tools, their determination by socio-economic, natural-geographical and other factors, provides information on the level of development of agriculture in this or that period, about its systems, etc. Studying the structural features of plowing tools can provide information about certain traditions of their manufacture, which often speak about the origin of the tools themselves, and makes it possible to study them in a cultural and historical perspective.